Not quite, I have to go through out of box, and then join it to the domain, but then yes!

Applies security policy, install apps, disables bloat, login in with central username and pass, get mapped drives etc

I have a Windows AD domain and have my preferences and some apps as GPOs.

In the server world we use Ansible, or in some cases maybe PowerShell DSC.

Ansible is much more focused on Linux and orchestration, but does have some support for Windows, and DSC is for Windows Servers.

Both use YAML or similar structured config to impart a state, e.g.

- name: Install Firefox
  Ansible.builtin.package:
    name: firefox
    state: present

Meaning that ansible does the legwork to make sure FF is installed.